
Para algunos proyectos con Raspberry Pi ocupamos configurar este microordenador sin teclado ni monitor. Dependiendo de nuestro caso podemos configurar el acceso remoto con un monitor conectado y desconectarlos después de este paso, pero en otros casos esto no nos es posible, sobre todo con raspberry pi zero.
Lo primero que debemos hacer es grabar la imagen de Raspberry Pi OS en la tarjeta SD, algo que podemos hacer de forma sencilla con Raspberry Pi Imager. Para la mayoría de los casos conviene elegir la versión lite (a menos que vayamos a configurar un servidor de escritorio remoto)

Una vez que tengamos instalada la imagen en la tarjeta de memoria vamos a montar la primera partición de la tarjeta de memoria (en el caso de usar Microsoft Windows será la única partición visible de esta), la cual aparecerá en el explorador de archivos con la etiqueta “boot”

Ahora vamos a crear dos archivos en la raíz de esta partición, el primero llevará el nombre “wpa_supplicant.conf” y tendrá la configuración de wifi con la siguiente estructura
ctrl_interface=DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=netdev
update_config=1
country=<Código de 2 letras ISO 3166-1 de nuestro país>
network={
ssid="<Nombre de nuestra red inslámbrica>"
psk="<Contraseña de nuestra red inslámbrica>"
}
El segundo será un archivo en blanco con el nombre “ssh”, el cual indicará al sistema durante el arranque que debe habilitar el servicio SSH. Una vez configurado expulsamos la tarjeta de memoria desde el explorador de archivos, la introducimos en la Raspberry Pi y la encendemos. Esperamos unos minutos a que la luz indicadora de actividad deje de parpadear y nos conectamos por SSH. Si no conocemos la dirección IP asignada por el router podemos buscar el host desde el portal de configuración del router (nos aparecerá con el nombre raspberrypi) o utilizar nmap de la siguiente forma
nmap -vv -p 22 192.168.0.0/24
Este último método solo es efectivo si en nuestra red hay pocos dispositivos con el puerto 22 abierto que desconozcamos. Si ya conocemos la dirección física podemos buscarlo de la siguiente forma
sudo nmap -sn -p 22 192.168.0.0/24
Una vez que lo encontremos nos conectamos y podremos configurar nuestro dispositivo. El usuario es pi la contraseña predeterminada es raspberry

Referencia: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/configuration/wireless/headless.md
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